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This illustration activity shows the posterior pituitary. This illustration zooms in on the hypothalamus and the attached pituitary gland. The posterior pituitary is highlighted. Two nuclei in the hypothalamus contain neurosecretory cells that release different hormones. The neurosecretory cells of the paraventricular nucleus release oxytocin (OT), while the neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic nucleus release anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). The neurosecretory cells stretch down the infundibulum into the posterior pituitary. The tube-like extensions of the neurosecretory cells within the infundibulum are the hypothalamophypophyseal tracts. These tracts connect with a web-like network of blood vessels in the posterior pituitary called the capillary plexus. From the capillary plexus, the posterior pituitary secretes the OT or ADH into a single vein that exits the pituitary.

Endocrine System

Activity 25 – Posterior Pituitary

This illustration activity shows the anterior pituitary. The illustration zooms in on the hypothalamus and the attached pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary is highlighted. Three neurosecretory cells are secreting hormones into a web-like network of arteries within the infundibulum. The artery net is the primary capillary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system. The superior hypophyseal artery enters the primary capillary plexus from outside of the infundibulum. The hypophyseal portal vein runs down from the primary capillary plexus, through the infundibulum, and connects to the secondary capillary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system. The secondary capillary plexus is located within the anterior pituitary. The hormones released from the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus travel through the primary capillary plexus, down the hypophyseal portal vein, and into the secondary capillary plexus. There, the hypothalamus hormones stimulate the anterior pituitary to release its hormones. The anterior pituitary hormones leave the primary capillary plexus from a single vein at the bottom of the anterior lobe.

Endocrine System

Activity 24 – Anterior Pituitary

This illustration activity shows the lateral view of the brain and the major lobes. From the front of the brain (left), the illustration includes: the frontal lobe, precentral gyrus, central sulcus, postcentral gyrus, parietal lobe, lateral sulcus, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe.

Activity 23 – Structures of the Cerebrum

This illustration activity shows the structure of the ear with the major parts. The ear is divided into 3 parts from left to right: external ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The illustration includes: the external ear (auricle, ear canal), middle ear (tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, tympanic cavity), and inner ear (stapes, vestibule, vestibular nerve, cochlear nerve, cochlea, round window, eustachian tube).

Sensory Systems

Activity 22 – Ear Composition

This illustration activity shows the lateral view of the eye. The illustration includes (from top): eyebrow, orbicularis oculi muscle, levator palpebrae superioris muscle, palpebral conjunctiva, eyelashes, cornea, conjunctiva.

Sensory Systems

Activity 21 – Eye Orbit

This illustration activity shows the anterior view of the human body with the major muscles. The illustration includes (from top, head): occipitofrontalis (frontal belly), sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, deltoid, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, pectoralis major; arm muscles: biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis; abdominal: rectus abdominis, abdominal external oblique; lower body: tensor fasciae latae, illiopsoas, pectineus, adductor longus, sartorius, gracilis, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vasus medialis, fibularis longus, tibialis anterior.

Muscular System

Activity 20 – Muscular System Composition

This illustration activity shows the human skeleton and identifies the major bones from the anterior view. The image includes (from the top of skull): skull (cranial portion, facial portion), pectoral shoulder girdle, clavicle, scapula, thoracic cage (sternum, ribs), upper limb (humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges), vertebral column, pelvic girdle (hip bones), lower limb (femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges).

Skeletal System

Activity 19 – Bones of the Skeleton

This illustration activity shows the structure of the vertebral column. The left side of the illustration shows the front view of the vertebral column. The right side of the illustration shows the side view of the vertebral column. The illustration includes (from top): 7 cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) that form the cervical curve, 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12) that form the thoracic curve, intervertebral disc, 5 lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) that form the lumbar curve, fused vertebrae of the sacrum and coccyx that form sacrococcygeal curve, the sacrum, and coccyx.

Skeletal System

Activity 18 – Vertebral Column

This illustration activity shows an anterior view of the head and torso of the human body with the anatomical organs and structures comprising the digestive system identified. From the top working clockwise, the illustration displays the sublingual gland and the submandibular gland, the pharynx, and stomach. The spleen is located under the left portion of the diaphragm and helps to filter blood. The large intestines include the transverse colon, ascending colon, descending colon, cecum, and sigmoid colon. A small finger-like projections hangs from the cecum known as the appendix. As a continuation of the sigmoid colon, a hollow structure known as the rectum is identified. The final segment of the digestive system is a structure measuring about 3 to 4 cm long, known as the anal canal. Fecal matter is expelled through the terminal opening in the digestive system called the anus. Labeled on the right of the diagram are the small intestines, divided into three distinct parts; the ileum, the jejunum, and the duodenum. The gallbladder is an accessory organ of digestion, and the liver is located in the upper right side of the abdomen. The esophagus connects the pharynx to the stomach. The tongue, located in the mouth, is responsible for moving the food around in the mouth during the chewing or mastication process.

Digestive System (Gastrointestinal)

Activity 17 – Digestive System Structure

This illustration activity shows the lymphatic trunks and the duct system in the human body. The image includes (clockwise from top): the thoracic duct, cisterna chyli of thoracic duct, drained by thoracic duct, drained by right lymphatic duct. Callouts to the left and right show the magnified views of the left and right jugular vein respectively. The callout box for the right lymphatic duct displays: the right internal jugular vein, right subclavian vein, right lymphatic duct. The callout box for the left jugular vein displays: the left internal jugular vein, thoracic duct drains into subclavian vein, left subclavian vein.

Lymphatic and Immune Systems

Activity 16 – Lymphatic Trunk